My revision notes

Here are some revision notes that I created as preparation for the HCJ Exam based on the final lecture of the course:

Journalism exam revision

Freud

·        Id, Ego and Superego

·        The id is the basic set of instincts (acts upon pleasure principle to avoid pain)

·        The ego is the rational thought

·        The superego controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt. It helps us fit into society by getting us to act in socially acceptable ways

·        Theories of being

Dreams are sources of insight into unconscious desires

·         Freud’s therapy methods- looking into a person’s unconscious

Existentialism

·         Husserl- Consciousness is intentional; and meaning is fixed subjectively

·         Knowing is a structure, with some ideas having more priority than others - depending on intention.

·         Reconsideration of Descartes and dualism

·         “ Cartesian reflections” - I think therefore  I am, better is “there are ideas”

·         Ideas and meaning are a structure of subjective values, of decisions.

·         What then is the source of these decisions - social, interactive, convenient, “close to hand” (ie habit of mind - life for a social being is essentially “inauthentic” (authentic - to be the author of one’s own fate).

·         The abandonment of the self-possessed individual - a bedrock idea of the enlightenment AND romanticism

·         Sartre “hell is other people”

·         Heidegger- “the structure of being”  - three fold structure

·         Idea of time

·         1.The past = guilt

·         2.The future = unknown

·         3.The present = dread

·         Existence is “Dasein” - a way of being, a structure of choices (even at the level of the phenomenology of perception).

·         It’s not what you do, it's the way that you do it; it’s not what you say it's the way that you say it -that’s what really counts.

Economics

·         Classic economics- Adam Smith “hidden hand of the market”

Free trade - The Wealth of Nations- markets stabilise themselves through free trade across the world

·         John Keynes- devalue the currency and issue money - this will bring unemployed resources back in to play, companies and consumers will have money in their pockets so people can be employed.

·         How achieved - government spending (issuing bonds);

Taxation only/ mostly to manage demand - to cut off inflationary expenditure (eg on luxury goods). Taxation NOT to raise money; but to

·         1.   Fine tune the money in pockets of particular groups of people so have high marginal income tax for rich people and give it to the poor.

2.      Manipulate behaviour (e.g. health and housing policy).

Hannah Arendt

·        Theories of totalitarianism

·         Everything is possible so people strive to seek as much power as they can as it is unlimited, however this power comes at a huge price as humanity will be destroyed

·         Terror is the most important method as it prevents the masses from rebelling against the government and you are punished for wrong thoughts or appearance. (for example target of the Jews and the master race of blonde hair blue eyed people during the Nazi regime). The combination of terror and ideology breaks down society as there are no laws or authority and people lose their human rights.

·         Hobbes who believed that society will always need a ruler to maintain law and order but consequently humans lose their human rights. People lose their individuality through Ideology but this must be embraced and celebrated and it is the masses who will fuel this ideology as they are weak and vulnerable.

Karl Marx and Communism

·         Thesis- Bourgeoisie

·         Antithesis- Proletariat

·         Synthesis- Socialism

·         Capitalism will try to survive by investing money in better technology and exportation but this will create unrest amongst the proletariat

·         Fall of capitalism and rise of proletariat is inevitable as proletariat will revolt against bourgeoisie

·         People would work together for the greater good of the state and government would wither away

·         Man is the productive animal and has the ability to shape society to benefit everyone and

·         History is written by the winner

·         People are like the Zeitgeist and they are the ones who will spark a revolution

Hegel

·         Subject of history is spirit and through time the spirit is seeking self-understanding

·         History ends when the spirit achieves full knowledge to become absolute

·         History is the failing of mankind to reach the Garden of Eden as paradise existed before the fall of man

·        Thesis- proposition

·        Antithesis- counter propositions and contradictions

·        Synthesis- combination or refuting of a proposition

·         Marx attacked Hegel’s idealism stating that the real dialectic was between man and the class struggle and the proletariat have nothing to lose but everything to gain

Rousseau

·         Rousseau believed in the beauty and innocence of nature

·         “Man is born free but is everywhere in chains”

·         Must return to primitive man as civilisation has corrupted us as individuals

·         However, in the Social Contract he admits there is no way back to primitive man as there are laws of society that control humans

·         His General Will outlined how mankind should create its own laws which it abides by. It would be governed by direct democracy with no governmental representation

·         The poor are the souls of the Earth as they fight

·         However this can be interpreted as an early form of dictatorship as anyone who refuses to obey the laws will be forced to be free.

John Locke

·         If you educate people properly then they will become rational and responsible members of society as they have the knowledge to understand how to behave.

·         People are born as a tableau baisse (clean table) and have no knowledge when they are born

 

Kant (Critique of Pure Reason)

·         Treat humans as ends in themselves rather than a means to an end. Men should be counted as equal when determining actions that affects the masses in society. This is a moral base for democracy.

·         Things exist in relativity to time and space and cannot exist outside our own perception

·         Your mind is the universe as it contains everything you know from perception

·         Time will stop when the Zeitgeist realises itself and has a revolution

·         Analytic statements= statements that have the subject in the sentence (an oak tree is a tree)

·         Synthetic statements= statements that have had words added to the sentence ( the oak tree is a beautiful tree)

·         A priori statements =  something that is understood without reference to anything else

·         Synthetic a priori statements=  a priori statements that have been developed to include extra knowledge that have no reference to the world ( there are other world that exist outside this universe) we exist in a world of some form but we do not know for sure if there is more than one universe

Descartes

·         “I think, therefore I am”. Mankind is only aware of his existence as he is able to perform basic functions such as thought and speech, he does not have to check.

Hume

·         We take in knowledge by what we can see, smell and hear around us (impressions)

·         We combine impressions to create ideas and this is known as the process of thought

·         Essay concerning Human Understanding- we construct complex data such as an angel from simple ideas such as a woman with wings

Hobbes

·         We get knowledge from our five senses and we seek pleasure to avoid the feeling of pain

·         For example, we see an object such as a chair but because we see a multitude of objects that look similar to the original object we can identify the object as a chair

·         We avoid pain as much as possible so we do things that give us the greatest amount of pleasure to block out the feeling of pain

Wittgenstein

·         “The Tractatus”, seven chapters

·         the world that we believe to be reality is made up of facts not material objects

·         language has rules which determine whether a statement is true or false

·         The world is all we know to exist

Russell

·         Zero can be regarded as a natural number

·         He argued that mathematics was a form of language and each number had its own individual class

·         The number 5 is a word to describe a class that contains all classes that have 5 objects and we know this through the method of counting. Counting creates a group or category that can be described using natural numbers such as 4 or 7.

·         Natural number + process (known as a syntax)= predicate (outcome which can be a larger or smaller number depending on the process)

·         Aristotle argued that it was not possible to have the number zero as the definition of zero was that zero was nothing, for example if there are no apples on a table you say "there were no apples on the table". But the number zero was something otherwise it cannot mean nothing. A number cannot be nothing and also something, therefore zero does not exist

Logical Positivism, Wittgenstein and Ayer

Logical Positivism began in the 1900's in Vienna by a group of intellectuals known as the 'Vienna Circle' which became an intellectual powerhouse of philosophy, art and music. Members such as Ludwig Wittgenstein became some of the most influential people in history as they changed the way people thought. They believed that science was the only valid method by which knowledge could be explained and this could be applied to many sciences such as logic and language and also social sciences such as economics and history. This marked the beginning of the modern world and many theories still have significance to this day. Science was considered to be an international language in which scientists and philosophers from all over the world were able to understand as it consisted of a number of universal formula. This was because human beings are exactly the same biologically, it didnt matter whether a person was from England or Germany.  Philosophers from the Vienna Circle were only concerned with the function of an object within society not its aesthetic value, they were anti- romantic and believed that the world could be explained through science and not religion.

One philosopher, A.J Ayer attempted to explain language in his book Language, Truth, and Logic published in 1936. In his book he argued that there are two types of language, emotive and propositional.  Emotive language is made up of statement that invoke feelings such as those of love or hatred and Ayer argued that this type of language is most commonly used by humans in order to get what they desire. Propositional language consists of a series of statements that can be verified as provisionally true, definately false or cannot be verified. The way in which a statement can be verified is through the truth of a statement.  For example, the statement " it is hot outside today" can be verified as being provisionally true as we are able to recognise the signs of a hot day through our knowledge. We are able to recognise that the sun is shining and we our bodies can feel warmth from the sun. Therefore the statement is not definately false and it can be verified using knowledge.

Ludwig Wittgenstein focused his studies on language as he believed that it both affects people and infects people like a virus from outer space. Language is an entire system that can be broken up and reformed in various ways. He believed that speech is only a very small part of the wider world of language and the acts of speaking and listening are almost performance acts. These acts occur in language games as there are a certain set of rules that define language. His book Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus can be considered to be one of the most famous and influential books of the 20th century. It focuses upon the use of language and is divided up in seven main propositions that are explained. These propositions will be listed and explained below

1. The world is everything that is the case. (The world is all we know to exist)
2. What is the case (a fact) is the existence of states of affairs. (the world that we believe to be reality is made up of facts not material objects)
3. A logical picture of facts is a thought. (propositions create images of the world)
4. A thought is a proposition with a sense.
5. A proposition is a truth-function of elementary propositions. (language has rules which determine whether a statement is true or false)
6. The general form of a proposition is the general form of a truth function, which is: This is the general form of a proposition. (a logical sentence can be created from a series of formula)
7. Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.

These propositions can be slighly confusing but accurately describe the ways in which language can be constructed, broken apart and then analysed

The new left in Journalism

The reading for this week was Tom Wolfe's "The New Journalism" which outlined the transition from this traditional tabloid style to the literary and factual style of writing. Wolfe worked for the New York Herald after graduating with a doctorate in American Studies in 1957. His book based around is a collection of articles which analyse the techniques used in New Journalism such as scene setting, characterisation and writing style. Each article can be considered to be like a mini novel as readers are swept away in a world in which they could relate to while learning about an important news event tha was happening. He argues that the break away from Tabloid style writing gave reporters an opportunity to live their dream- many reporters aspired to be novelists as it was viewed as being the top of the literary heirarchy and new journalism was very similar to the novel in its form and style.

The "new Journalism" movement began after the second world war when society became more interested in what exactly was going on around the world. During this time of great conflict across the world people wanted to know about the safety of their loved ones and more personal matters rather than the latest cartoon strip or joke pages. Newspaper journalists began writing descriptive and detailed articles in an novel style fashion rather than a more conventional tabloid style. New Journalism used techniques that were more familiar to the literary world rather than the unforgiving world of  journalism.. Articles had a very sombre tone to them and were packed full of facts and detail in order to inform the public of events with as much truth as possible. Readers were immersed in a world of fiction where a narrator described a news event  to make it seem personal. The reporters did not usually express their own views in the articles but if they did their opinions were vague. It was very competitive industry as reporters would race each other to try and find the best story as the better the story the better. This style of journalism had drawbacks as reporters had the opportunity to twist articles in order to get the best response from the public and sometimes the articles did not get straight to the point and consequently, readers would lose interest.  In my opinion, this new style of journalism is beneficial as it gives the public an alternative style of writing to the ever popular tabloid format used by The Sun .

Mathematics explained.. and concluded

So mathematics and logic have been around since time bagan but over time philosophers have come up with new theories to explain numbers and their origins. In Ancient Greece philosophers such as Plato believed that Greek numbers were derived from geometry and the art of music and the first number that existed was the number two. For example, the number three has its origins from a triangle which is a three sided geometric shape. You can count the sides of a triangle and the answer is three. This is known as the Platonic theory of numbers and Plato also continues to argue in his writings that all numbers are related to each other through ratios. Using the example of a piano all the keys are in ratio to each other from the note C.The note C is almost the base note which determines the other notes as note E is a specific ratio of C and so is B. Each ratio equates to a certain number which is then used to describe mathematics. Therefore, the one way in which numbers can be understood are in relation to others otherwise mathematics canot be interpreted properly. You need to understand a whole system before you are able to analyse individual parts within a system.
One crucial part of the Greek numerical system is that it did not contain the number zero. The number zero was first used in India by the religion of Islam. Aristotle argued that it was not possible to have the number zero as the definition of zero was that zero was nothing, for example if there are no apples on a table you say "there were no apples on the table". But the number zero was something otherwise it cannot mean nothing. A number cannot be nothing and also something, therefore zero does not exist.

Giuseppe Peano
(27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932)

However, modern philosophers such as Guiseppe Peano and Bertrand Russell believe that zero can be regarded as a natural number. Peano was an italian mathematician who argued that zero was a real number that could be used to count objects and could also be used in mathematical operations such as addition and multiplication. He also believed that there were numbers that were lower than zero (negative numbers) but these cannot be used for counting as it was impossible to have minus objects. For example, you cannot have minus 2 bananas and then add 3 bananas as you do not have anything to start off with with. Russell had similar theories to those of Peano and used analytical philosophy to explain mathematics. He argued that mathematics was a form of language and each number had its own individual class. For example, the number 5 is a word to describe a class that contains all classes that have 5 objects and we know this through the method of counting. Counting creates a group or category that can be described using natural numbers such as 4 or 7. As human beings we are able to instinctively count up to seven objects before actually physically counting them as 1...2...3..4...5. There is a process that we undertake to calculate numbers:

Natural number + process (known as a syntax)= predicate (outcome which can be a larger or smaller number depending on the process)

These predicates can be analysed by applying mathematical operations such as square roots and division. For example, the number 5 can be multiplied by 10 to make the answer 50 but the number 50 can be divided by 10 to get the answer 5.  Therefore, mathematics could be applied to all fields such as physics and even mechanics and played an important part in everyday life even if it was simply counting schoolchildren.

Existentialism concluded

The second lecture of the semester concluded the topic of existentialism and we looked at key figures of the movement including Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Fanon. Heidegger believed that reality revolved around a concept that there is no certainty in our lives and that philosophy is no longer relevant as we are now able to think freely for ourselves. Society has developed almost through the stages of childhood as children are told what to think but now humanity has matured into adulthood where it has the capability to think independently. There are new and different moralities which give the right to kill and oppress fellow human beings should it be thought necessary. This opposes John Locke’s natural rights as Locke believed that every human being should be guided by a God like figure who represented authority and violence was not permitted under any circumstances as it is a sin. In Nietzsche’s world there was no God as he coined the famous phrase “God is dead!”  He also stated in his philosophy that every human being can be described as an “overman” where he must create his own place and identity in the world and defines himself by the choices he makes.

Heidegger wrote his famous book “Being and Time” which was obsessed with human existence and asked the question what is it to be a human being?  and what does it mean to physically exist in the world. He concluded that all beings and creatures are Dasein (they just exist in the world for a period of time until they die). We are stuck in our minds and we can never be totally sure of what is around us. For example, we may believe that we can see a computer screen but we can never be 100% sure that the screen is actually real or just a product of our imagination.  We are defined by our engagement and involvement in the world and when we are asked to describe ourselves we do not speak about our true selves only the social aspects of our selves.  The future is the only time that matters as it gives beings an opportunity to make choices that will affect the rest of their lives, the past has been and gone and you cannot make choices about the past.  The philosophy of Heidegger is in direct contrast with that of Rene Descartes who believed that “I think, therefore I am”. We can only be sure of our existence because we have the ability to think which shows that we are living beings.

Sartre believed that humans cannot escape choice, everybody has to make choices in order to progress with their lives but you can hide away from it.  However this is bad as you should not follow society but be your own individual person.  Each person should take responsibility for their own actions and not place the blame on anybody else or lie to escape punishment.  Authority is the “other” in us and should be ignored and overcome as it stops human beings from being their real selves.  Fanon developed Sartre’s ideas further and believed that society should use direct violence against its oppressors and kill everybody who is associated with a violent regime not just the boss.  Non-violence is just collaborating with the enemy and is an acceptance of the oppressor’s power. Fanon’s book “The Wretched of the Earth” has been used worldwide especially in the Black Power movement and Malcolm X in the USA in the 1960’s. This idea can be closely linked with Fanon’s personal life as he was a soldier who fought in the Algerian War of Independence and saw the torture and violence that was targeted at the Algerians who were fighting to become a free nation away from France.  

Following on from Fanon’s idea of violence the group watched a film “The Battle of Algiers” which was released in 1966 to show the struggle and violence which took place between the French army and Algerian nationals during the War of Independence from 1954 to 1962. The film highlighted the realities of Existentialism as the both the French troops and Algerians were using every form of violence they could think of in order to kill the other including makeshift bombs and walk by shootings.

This video is a trailer for the film but highlights the violence that is used by both the French forces and the Algerian nationals. It is well worth a watch

Seminar Paper- Tabloid Nation parts 2 and 3

                                    Seminar Paper- Tabloid Nation parts 2 and 3

The second part of the book Tabloid Nation focuses on how the Daily Mirror became increasingly influential especially during the two World Wars. The newspaper became an important tool for families during the First World War as it printed information about the battles which enabled them to find out if their loved ones were still alive. Reporters were sent over to the battle ground to take pictures which would be published. These exclusive images of trench warfare were printed on a daily basis and 1,700,000 copies of the newspaper were being sold each day. As a result of the newspapers decision to focus on the events of the War it became a trusted newspaper as families relied on the paper to inform them of any news whether it was good or bad. However, things were about to take a downturn as the TUC publishing company decided to invest nearly £8,000,000 in the Mirror’s rival newspaper, the Daily Herald in order to outsell the Daily Mirror. The Daily Mirror needed to take drastic action in order to save the Mirror from collapse and in 1934 Harry Guy Bartholomew who was the editor in chief of the Daily Mirror decided to join forces with Cecil Harmsworth King. The duo changed the newspaper’s style from a typical British newspaper to a New York style tabloid newspaper filled with cartoon strips and full page images in a bid to increase sales. The aim was to attract a wide target audience ranging from businessmen to domestic housewives. In 1938, an Agony Aunt was employed by the newspaper and women were able to send in letters explaining domestic issues and they would receive help and advice. Women were now given a voice which could be heard and they no longer had to keep their problems to themselves as there was someone to comfort them.  These steps by Bartholomew and King was a success as the newspaper attracted sales of 2,400,000 copies per day and the General Election of 1945 secured the newspaper’s future. The Daily Mirror printed large poster campaigns to promote the Labour candidate Clement Attlee persuading readers that Labour was going to benefit the working classes. The working classes in Britain at this time made up the highest percentage of people therefore it had the most power and influence. Sales of the newspaper increased dramatically and Attlee won the election by a record majority.

The power and influence of Bartholomew and King can be compared to that of William Randolph Hearst who started a newspaper empire in the United States of America in the 1890’s. He borrowed money from his mother to buy the rights to the New York Morning Journal in 1895 which was on the verge of collapse and entered a head to head battle which rival newspaper owner, Joseph Pulitzer. Hearst used “yellow journalism” techniques such as eye catching headlines and stories based on sensation and crime and this was a major success as sales of the newspaper soared. Over the new few years, Hearst invested in more newspaper companies and by the mid 1920’s owned 28 newspapers across America.  He dominated the newspaper market during this time and his influence within the media industry was unchallenged. His success is so great that a film was produced in 1941 by Orson Wells named Citizen Kane which documented his road to greatness.     

Switching back to Tabloid Nation, part 3 explains the developments of the newspaper throughout the 1950’s and 60’s. In 1952, Hugh Cudlipp was employed by the Daily Mirror to once again remodel the style of the newspaper. The working class structure was changing and the Labour Government introduced the “welfare state” where there was full employment and the NHS was introduced to provide free healthcare. The younger generation who were born post World War Two known as the “baby boomers” were having a big influence on society and did not want to read the Mirror with its 1930’s content.  Therefore, Cudlipp and King embarked on a project which would make the newspaper appeal to young people. Editors were employed from all walks of life including university graduates and women to report about so called “modern” topics such as celebrities and media such as the radio and later on television. From 1960, “shock issues” of the Mirror were produced in order to gain readership and to grab young people’s attention and this marked the start of the Daily Mirror’s reputation for reporting on serious issues but with an entertaining twist. Sales of the newspaper continued to climb and beat all of its rivals.

However, the Mirror was about to suffer yet another setback due to the launch of commercial television especially ITV in 1956. The broadcasting company directly competed with the Daily Mirror for advertising revenue and aimed to be the “Daily Mirror of the airwaves” trying to persuade young people to watch television rather than sit down and read a newspaper. The newspaper went through a makeover and advertised itself as the paper of “youth” by the 1960’s reporting on pop artists such as Elvis Presley and Bill Haley and the Comets. By 1964, the Daily Mirror became the biggest selling newspaper in the world with 5 million copies sold each day. One further development of the Daily Mirror which would prove to be a landmark in the newspaper industry was the introduction of Mirrorscope which was a pull out magazine which was written by young journalists. It contained crime reports, sex advice, cartoon strips and sports results and can be regarded as the predecessor of The Sun Newspaper. The glory days of the Mirror were about to take a turn for the worse in 1968 when King published his own front page spread titled “ENOUGH IS ENOUGH” regarding Harold Wilson’s departure from office as Prime Minister. He was later sacked from his position as chairman by Cudlipp and this marked the end of the Harmsworth Empire.

Overseas in Australia there was a new newspaper tycoon ready to exert his influence in the British newspaper industry. Rupert Murdoch bought the News of the World in 1968 and when Cudlipp put the Sun up for sale in 1969, Murdoch seized the opportunity for newspaper domination by buying the newspaper and merging it with the Mirror. He used the modern 1960’s style that the Mirror had used and copied it in the Sun and employed Larry Lamb to be the editor. However, the launch of the new style Sun was not totally successful but within 18 months readers had warmed to the spelling mistakes and poor quality pictures and the newspaper was selling 2,500,000 copies a day. The Mirror was struggling to sell 1,000,000 copies per day and the Sun took the crown as the bestselling newspaper in the world by 1978.  Murdoch’s success has continued to the present day and he is the owner of Twentieth Century Fox television and News Corporation. He is regarded as the richest and most powerful media tycoon and he owns the rights to a large number of TV shows including The Simpsons and American Idol.

In conclusion, the Daily Mirror enjoyed a continuing run of success throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s and its attempts to attract younger target audiences by introducing reports based around celebrities and sport. Young people were more interested in whether their favourite football team had won than who will win the next general election. However, its good fortunes were turned around when Rupert Murdoch purchased both the News of the World and Sun newspapers and copied the Mirror’s style with more emphasis on pop music and celebrities which are extremely important in a youngster’s everyday life. Murdoch had seized his opportunity to dominate British Journalism as a result the Daily Mirror was slowly collapsing under the pressure.  

20th century journalism

So the first lecture of another semester was based around 20^th century journalism. Newspapers throughout the 1950’s transformed dramatically and their format remains similar to tabloid newspapers of today such as The Mirror and the Daily Mail. Following the end of the Second World War there was a huge baby boom in England and by the late 50’s and 60’s this generation of youngsters were in their teenage years. Britain during the 50’s and 60’s was very affluent with full employment across the country and the introduction of the welfare state meant that every citizen was entitled to free healthcare and education. But the most influential event during this time was the popularisation of commercial television and the broadcast of ITV in 1968. In addition, ITV contained advertisement breaks which allowed companies to advertise their products to the younger generation who had disposable income, unlike their parents who suffered the hardships of the war. This allowed advertisers who had previously only been able to advertise to a newspaper audience to reach out to a wider target audience on the small screen.  As a result newspaper companies had to make changes in order to remain competitive with television. For example, The Mirror under the charge of Hugh Cudlipp began reporting on the world of celebrities and popular music in order to persuade the younger generation especially young working class men to read the newspaper.  The newspaper became an even greater success as sales of the newspaper increased to around 8 million by the late 1960’s. It ignored television and continued to report on the latest events in the celebrity and music worlds but slowly television would take over the crown.

The image of the newspaper below shows a typical front page headline of the 1960’s with the death of rock star Eddie Cochrane in 1960.

After the introduction of ITV soap operas such as Coronation Street began to attract more viewers than newspapers could manage and so television became the more dominant form of media.  Young people were tuning in to watch the latest episode of Coronation Street rather than read the Daily Mirror and sales of the newspaper began to decline. 

Rupert Murdoch began his British newspaper empire in the late 1960’s when he purchased The Sun and bought the rights to the Daily Mirror in an attempt to persuade young people to stop watching television and pick up a newspaper. He relaunched The Sun as a modern newspaper for the “cool generation” by including a free pop out magazine containing gossip, horoscopes and the sports results. This became a trademark of the newspaper and magazines are included in the newspaper today. Sales of the newspaper increased and so did Murdoch’s empire. Currently, he is the owner of News Corporation and Twentieth Century Fox television who owns rights to major American TV shows such as The Simpsons. 

The video above is an interview with Rupert Murdoch himself and discusses how techology such as television has changed and revolutionised new media. It is well worth a watch as it is very relevant to the lecture.